Selected Publications of Prof. Butt

2005

  • Balz, M., H. A: Therese, J. Li, J. S. Gutmann, M. Kappl, L. Nasdala, W. Hofmeister, H.-J. Butt, W. Tremel: Crystallization of Vaterite Nanowires by the Cooperative Interaction of Tailor-Made Nucleation Surfaces and Polyelectrolytes.
    Adv. Funct. Mater.2005, 15,683 - 688


  • Balz, M., H.A. Therese, M. Kappl, L. Nasdala, W. Hofmeister, H.-J. Butt & W. Tremel: Morphosynthesis of strontianite nanowires using polyacrylate templates tethered onto self-assembled monolayers.
    Langmuir 2005, 21, 3981-3986


  • Bonaccurso E., H.-J. Butt: Microdrops on Atomic Force Microscope Cantilevers: Evaporation of Water and Spring Constant Calibration.
    J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 253 - 263


  • Bonaccurso E., H.-J. Butt, B. Hankeln, B. Niesenhaus, K. Graf: Fabrication of microvessels and microlenses from polymers by solvent droplets.
    Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 124101


  • Butt, H.-J., B. Capella & M. Kappl: Force measurements with the atomic force microscope: Technique, interpretation, and applications.
    Surf. Sci. Rep. 2005, 59, 1-152


  • Butt, H.-J., R. Stark: Atomic force microscopy in structured liquids: remark on the interpretation of jumps in force curves.
    Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 2005, 252, 165-168


  • Butt, H.-J., K. Graf, M. Kappl: Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces. 2nd Edition
    Wiley-VCH, Berlin 2005


  • Ding, K., D. Grebel-Koehler, R. Berger, K. Müllen & H.-J. Butt: Structure of self-assembled n-dodecyl substituted polyphenylene dendrimers on graphite.
    J. Materials Chemistry 2005, 15, 3431-3436


  • Gillies, G., K. Büscher, M. Preuss, M. Kappl, H.-J. Butt and K. Graf: Contact angles and wetting behaviour of single micron-sized particles.
    J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2005, 17, 445–464


  • Gillies, G., M. Kappl & H.-J. Butt: Direct measurements of particle-bubble interactions.
    Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 2005, 114-115, 165-172


  • Gillies, G., M. Kappl & H.-J. Butt: Surface and capillary forces encountered by zinc sulfide microspheres in aqueous electrolyte.
    Langmuir 2005, 21, 5882-5886


  • Heim, L., M. Farshchi, M. Morgeneyer, J. Schwedes, H.-J. Butt, M. Kappl: Adhesion of carbonyl iron powder particles studied by atomic force microscopy.
    J. Adh. Sci. Tech. 2005, 19, 199-213


  • Heim, L., H.-J. Butt, R. Schräpler, J. Blum: Analyzing the Compaction of High-Porosity Microscopic Agglomerates.
    Aust. J. Chem. 2005, 58, 671-673


  • Kappl, M., L. Heim, H.-J. Butt, S. Luding, R. Tykhoniuk, J. Tomas: From grains to powders: from single particle contact mechanics measurements to bulk powder properties.
    In: Powders & Grains, Eds. Garcia-Rojo, Herrmann, McNamara, 2005, Taylor & Francis Group, London, 493 - 497


  • Leermakers, F.A.M., H.-J. Butt: Surface forces in confined polymer melt: Self-consistent field analysis of full and restricted equilibrium cases.
    Phys. Rev. E , 2005, 72, 021807.


  • Neto, C., D.R. Evans, E. Bonaccurso, H.-J. Butt, V.S.J. Craig: Boundary slip in Newtonian liquids: A review of experimental studies. Rep. Progr. Phys. 2005, 68, 2859-2897


  • Sun, G., M. Kappl & H.-J. Butt: Interaction between solid surfaces in a polymer melt studied by atomic force microscopy.
    European Polymer Journal 2005, 41, 663-667


  • Sun, G., R. Stark, M. Kappl, F. A. M. Leermakers, H.-J. Butt: Interaction between two solid surfaces across PDMS: influence of chain length and end group.
    Composite Interfaces 2005, 12, 805-815


  • Tykhoniuk, R., J. Tomas, S. Luding, M. Kappl, L. Heim, H.-J. Butt: Adhesion, inelastic contact behavior and simulation of shear dynamics of ultrafine cohesive powder.
    in: Powders & Grains, Eds. Garcia-Rojo, Herrmann, McNamara, 2005, Taylor&Francis Group, London, 499 - 503


2004

  • Heim, L.O., M. Kappl & H.-J. Butt: Tilt of atomic force microscope cantilevers: Effect on spring constant and adhesion measurements. Langmuir 2004, 20, 2760-2764.
  • E. Bonaccurso, H.-J. Butt, K. Graf: Microarrays by structured substrate swelling. European Polymer Journal 2004, 40, 975-980.
  • Ling, L., H.J. Butt, and R.Berger: Rupture Force Between the third Strand and the Double Strand within a Triplex DNA.
    Journal American Chemical Society,2004, 126, 13992-13997
  • Pera, I., R. Stark, M. Kappl, H.-J. Butt & F. Benfenati: Using the atomic force microscope to study the interaction between two solid supported lipid bilayers and the influence of synapsin I.
    Biophys. J. 2004, 87, 2446-2455.
  • Sun, G., H.-J. Butt: Adhesion between solid surfaces in polymer melts: Bridging of single chains.
    Macromolecules 2004, 37, 6086-6089.
  • Sun, G., M. Kappl, H.-J. Butt: Confined polymer melts studied by atomic force microscopy.
    Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 2004, 250, 203-209
  • Sun G., M. Kappl, T. Pakula, K. Kremer, H.-J. Butt: Equilibrium interaction of solid surfaces across a polymer melt.
    Langmuir 2004, 20 (19): 8030-8034
2003

  • H.-J. Butt, K. Graf, M. Kappl: Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces. Wiley-VCH, Berlin 2003
  • E. Bonaccurso, H.-J. Butt, V. S. J. Craig: Surface Roughness and Hydrodynamic Boundary Slip of a Newtonian Fluid in a Completely Wetting System. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2003, 90, 144501.
  • A.V. Nguyen, J. Nalaskowski, J. D. Miller, H.-J. Butt: Attraction between hydrophobic surfaces studied by atomic force microscopy. Int. J. Miner. Process., 2003, 72, 215.
2002

  • Heim, L. O. ; Stefan Ecke ; Markus Preuss ; Hans-Jürgen Butt: Adhesion forces between individual gold and polystyrene particles J. Adh. Sci. Technol. 2002, 16, 829-843
  • Butt, H.-J., S. Ecke, L.O. Heim, K. Heiskanen, M. Preuss, R. Raiteri, N. Schreithofer, O.I. Vinogradova & G.E. Yakubov: Microsphere tensiometry to determine contact angle on individual particles. In: Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, Vol. 2 Ed. K. L. Mittal, VSP, Zeist, 1-14, 2002
  • Butt, H.-J.: Analyzing electric double-layers with the atomic force microscope. In: Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry Vol. 1.Thermodynamics and Electrified Interfaces Eds. E. Gileadi & M. Urbakh, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, chapter 2.6, 2002.
  • Franz, V., S. Loi, H. Müller, E. Bamberg & H.-J. Butt: Tip penetration through lipid bilayers in atomic force microscopy. Colloids and Surfaces B 2002, 23, 191-200.
  • Franz, V., H.-J. Butt: Confined liquids: Solvation forces in liquid alcohols between solid surfaces. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2002, 106, 1703-1708
  • Bonaccurso, E., M. Kappl & H.-J. Butt: Hydrodynamic force measurements: Boundary slip of water on hydrophilic surfaces and electrokinetic effects. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 88, 076 103
  • Loi, S., H.-J. Butt, C. Hampel, R. Bauer, U.M. Wiesler & K. Müllen: Two-dimensional structure of self-assembled alkyl-substituted polyphenylene dendrimers on graphite. Langmuir 2002, 18, 2398-2405.
  • Butt, H.-J.: Analyzing Electric Double Layers with the Atomic Force Microscope. Thermodynamics and Electrified Interfaces - Vol. 1, 2002, E. Gileadi, M. Urbakh (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, 225-252
  • Butt, H.-J. & V. Franz: Rupture of molecular thin films observed in atomic force microscopy. I. Theory. Phys. Rev. E., 2002, 66, 031601
  • Loi, S., G. Sun, V. Franz & H.-J. Butt: Rupture of molecular thin films observed in atomic force microscopy. II. Experiments. Phys. Rev. E., 2002, 66, 031602
  • Bonaccurso, E., H.-J. Butt, V. Franz, K. Graf, M. Kappl, S. Loi, B. Niesenhaus, S. Chemnitz, M. Böhm, B. Petrova, U. Jonas & H.W. Spiess: Water induced dewetting of ultrathin polystyrene films on hydrophilic surfaces. Langmuir, 2002, 18 (21), 8056-8061
  • Sun, G., E. Bonaccurso, V. Franz & H.-J. Butt: Confined liquid: Simultaneous observation of a molecularly layered structure and hydrodynamic slip. J. Chem. Phys., 2002, 117, 10311
2001

  • Butt, H.-J. & V. Franz: Atomic force microscope analysis of water-mediated interfacial interactions. In: Water in Biomaterials Surface Science Ed. M. Morra 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 245-266.
  • Ecke, S., & H.-J. Butt: Friction between Individual Microcontacts J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2001 244: 432-435.
  • Ecke, S., R. Raiteri, E. Bonaccurso, C. Reimer, H.-J. Deiseroth & H.-J. Butt: Measuring normal and friction forces acting on individual fine particles. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2001, 72, 4164-4170.
  • Loi, S., U.M. Wiesler, H.-J. Butt & K. Müllen: Self-assembly of alkyl substituted polyphenylene dendrimers on graphite. Macromolecules 2001, 34, 3661-3671.
  • Loi, S., M. Wind, M. Preuss, H.-J. Butt, H.W. Spiess & U. Jonas: Wetting of ultrathin layers of polystyrene studied by atomic force microscopy. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis 2001, 132, 729-736.
  • Raiteri, R., M. Grattarola, H.-J. Butt & P. Skládal: Micromechanical cantilever-based biosensors. Sensors and Actuators B 2001, 79, 115-126.
  • Schumacher, J., J.C. Martínez, F. Martin, M. Maier, H. Adrian, R. Raiteri & H.J. Butt: Epitaxial Growth of SrBi2Ta2O9 on Silicon. Ferroelectrics 2001, 255, 111-122.
  • Vinogradova, O.I., G.E. Yakubov & H.-J. Butt: Forces between polystyrene surfaces in water-electrolyte solutions: Long-range interaction of two types? J. Chem. Phys. 2001, 114, 8124-8131.
  • Vinogradova, O.I., H.-J. Butt, G.E. Yakubov & F. Feuillebois: Dynamic effects on force measurements. 1. Viscous drag on the atomic force microscope cantilever. Rev. Sci. Instrum .2001, 72, 2330-2339.
  • Yakubov, G.E., O.I. Vinogradova & H.-J. Butt: A study of the linear tension effect on the polystyrene microsphere wettability with water. Colloid Journal 2001, 63, 518-525.
  • Yakubov, G.E., O.I. Vinogradova & H.-J. Butt: Исследование влияния линейного Натяжения на смачиваемость Водой полистирольных Микросфер. Kolloidn. Zh. 2001, 63, 1-9.
2000

  • Döppenschmidt, A. & H.-J. Butt: Measuring the thickness of the liquidlike layer on ice surfaces. Langmuir 2000, 16, 6709-6714.
  • Mueller, H., H.-J. Butt & E. Bamberg: Imaging the mylein basic protein adsorbed to lipid bilayers with the atomic force microscope. J. Phys. Chem.B 2000, 104, 4552-4559.
  • Yakubov, G.E., H.-J. Butt & O.I. Vinogradova: Interaction forces between hydrophobic surfaces. Attractive jump as an indication of formation of "stable" submicrocavities. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 3407-3410.
  • Loi, S., U.M. Wiesler, H.-J. Butt, & K. Müllen: Formation of nanorods by self-assembly of alkyl substituted dendrimers on graphite. Chemical Communications 2000, 1169-1170.
  • Butt, H.-J., A. Döppenschmidt, G. Hüttl, E. Müller & O.I. Vinogradova: Analysis of plastic deformation in atomic force microscopy: Application to ice. J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 113, 1194-1203.
  • Mueller, H., H.-J. Butt & E. Bamberg: Atomic force microscopy deposition of poly-L-lysine structures onto lipid bilayers supported by mica. Langmuir 2000, 16, 9568-9570.
  • Raiteri, R., H.-J. Butt, & M. Grattarola: Changes in surface stress at the liquid/solid interface measured with an atomic force microscope. Electrochimica Acta 2000, 46, 157-163
  • Yakubov, G.E., O.I. Vinogradova & H.-J. Butt: Contact angles on hydrophobic microparticles at water-air and water-hexadecane interfaces. J. Adh. Sci. Technol. 2000, 14, 1783-1799.
  • Mueller, H., H.-J. Butt & E. Bamberg: Adsorption of membrane-associated proteins to lipid bilayers studied with an atomic force microscope: myelin basic protein and cytochrome c. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104(18): 4552-4559.
1999

  • Mueller, H., H.-J. Butt & E. Bamberg: Force measurement on myelin basic protein adsorbed to mica and lipid bilayer surfaces done with the AFM. Biophys. J. 1999, 76, 1072-1079.
  • Döppenschmidt, A. & H.-J. Butt: Measuring electrostatic double-layer forces on HOPG at high surface potentials. Colloids & Surfaces A 1999, 149, 145-150.
  • Butt, H.-J. & R. Raiteri: Measurement of the surface tension and surface stress of solids. Surfactant Science Series, Editor: A.J. Milling, Academic Press. 1999, 1-36.
  • Preuss, M. & H.-J. Butt: Direct measurement of forces between particles and bubbles. Int. J. Mineral Processing 1999, 56, 99-115.
  • Butt, H.-J., M. Kappl, H. Müller, R. Raiteri, W. Meyer & J. Rühe: Steric forces measured with the atomic force microscope at various temperatures. Langmuir 1999, 15, 2559-2565.
  • Küther, J., R. Seshadri, G. Nelles, W. Assenmacher, H.-J. Butt, W. Mader & W. Tremel: Mercaptophenol-protected gold colloids as nuclei for the crystallization of inorganic minerals: Templated crystallization on curved surfaces. Chemistry of Materials 1999, 11, 1317-1325.
  • Ecke, S., M. Preuss & H.-J. Butt: Microsphere tensiometry to measure advancing and receding contact angles of individual colloidal particles. J. Adh. Sci. Technol., 1999, 13, 1181-1191.
  • Raiteri,R., G. Nelles, H.-J. Butt, W. Knoll & P. Skladal: Sensing of biological substances based on the bending of microfabricated cantilevers. Sensors and Actuators B, 1999, 61, 213-217.
  • Heim,L.-O., J. Blum, M. Preuss & H.-J. Butt: Adhesion and friction forces between spherical micrometer-sized particles. Phys. Rev. Lett. , 1999, 83, 33.
  • Raiteri, R., H.-J. Butt, D. Beyer & S. Jonas: Heterogeneous polymer-containig films: a comparison of macroscopic properties determined by atomic force microscopy. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1999, 1, 4881-4887.
1998

  • Nelles, G., H. Schönherr, M. Jaschke, H. Wolf, M. Schaub, J. Küther, W. Tremel, E. Bamberg, H. Ringsdorf & H.-J. Butt: On the two-dimensional structure of disulfides and thiols on gold(111). Langmuir 1998, 14, 808-815.
  • Nelles, G., H. Schönherr, G.J. Vancso & H.-J. Butt: Monolayers of asymmetrical diethylalkanoat disulfides on gold(111): The influence of chain length difference on atomic force microscope images. Appl. Phys. A 1998, 66, 1261-1266.
  • Küther, J., R. Seshadri, G. Nelles, H.-J. Butt, W. Knoll & W. Tremel: Rough surfaces by design: Gold colloids tethered to gold surfaces as substrates for CaCO3 crystallization. Advanced Materials 1998, 10, 401-404.
  • Raiteri, R., M. Preuss, M. Grattarola & H.-J. Butt: Preliminary results on the electrostatic double-layer force between two surfaces with high surface potentials. Colloids & Surfaces A 1998, 136,191-197.
  • Preuss, M. & H.-J. Butt: Direct measurement of particle-bubble interactions in aqueous electrolyte: Dependence on surfactant. Langmuir 1998, 14, 3164-3174.
  • Küther, J., G. Nelles, R. Seshadri, M. Schaub, H.-J. Butt & W. Tremel: Templated crystallization of calcium and strontium carbonates on centered-rectangular self-assembled monolayer substrates. Chem. Eur. J.,1998, 4, 1834-1842.
  • Döppenschmidt, A, M. Kappl & H.-J. Butt: Surface properties of ice studied by atomic force microscopy. J. Phys. Chem.B , 1998, 102, 7813-7819.
  • Preuss, M. & H.-J. Butt: Measuring the contact angle of individual colloidal particles. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 1998, 208, 468-477.
1997

  • Jaschke, M., H.-J. Butt, H.E. Gaub & S. Manne: Surfactant aggregates at a metal surface. Langmuir 1997, 13, 1381-1384.
  • Bertilson, L., H.-J. Butt, G. Nelles & D.D. Schlereth: Cibacron blue F3G-A anchored monolayers with biospecific affinity for NAD(H)-dependent lactate dehydrogenase: Characterization by FTIR-spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 1997, 12, 839-852.
  • Neff, D., S. Tripathi, K. Middendorf, H. Stahlberg, H.-J. Butt, E. Bamberg & N.A. Dencher: Chloroplast F0F1-ATP-synthase imaged by atomic force microscopy. J. Structural Biology 1997, 119, 139-148.
  • Gerharz, B., R. Kuropka, H. Petri & H.-J. Butt: Investigation of the latex morphology and surface of the corresponding coatings by atomic force microscopy. Progr. in Organic Coatings1997, 32, 75-80.
1996

  • Jaschke, M., H. Schönherr, H. Wolf, H.-J. Butt, E. Bamberg, M.K. Besocke & H. Ringsdorf: The structure of alkyl-perfluoroalkyl-disulfide and azobenzenethiol monolayers on gold(111) revealed by atomic force microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 2290-2301.
  • Butt, H.-J. A sensitive method to measure changes in the surface stress of solids. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1996, 179, 251-260.
  • Jaschke, M., H.-J. Butt, E. Bamberg, S. Manne, H.E. Gaub, O. Hasemann, F. Krimphove & E.K. Wolff: The atomic force microscope as a tool to study and manipulate local surface properties. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 1996, 11, 601-612.
  • Müller-Reichert, T., H.-J. Butt & H. Gross: STM of metal embedded and coated DNA and DNA-protein complexes. J. Microscopy 1996, 182, 169-176.
  • Gerharz, B., H.-J. Butt & B. Momper: Morphology of heterogeneous latex particles investigated by atomic force microsocpy. Progr. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1996, 100, 91-95.
  • Schönherr, H., H. Ringsdorf, M. Jaschke, H.-J. Butt, E. Bamberg, H. Allinson & S.D. Evans: Self-assembled monolayers of symmetrical and mixed alkyl-fluoro- alkyl-disulfids on gold: 2. Investigation of thermal stability and phase separation. Langmuir 1996, 12, 3898-3904.
  • Raiteri, R., M. Grattarola & H.-J. Butt: Measuring electrostatic double-layer forces at high surface potentials with the atomic force microscope. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 16700-16705.
  • Schönherr, H., F.J.B. Kremer, S. Kumar, J.A. Rego, H. Wolf, H. Ringsdorf, M. Jaschke, H.-J. Butt & E. Bamberg: Self-assembled monolayers of discotic liquid crystalline thioethers, discoid disulfides, and thiols on gold: Molecular engineering of ordered surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 13051-13057.
1995

  • Butt, H.-J. & M. Jaschke: Thermal noise in atomic force microscopy. Nanotechnology 1995, 6, 1-7.
  • Jaschke, M. & H.-J. Butt: Height calibration of optical lever atomic force microscopes by simple laser interferometry. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1995, 66, 1258-1259.
  • Jaschke, M. & H.-J. Butt: Deposition of organic material by the tip of a scanning force microscope. Langmuir 1995, 11, 1061-1064.
  • Siedle, P. & H.-J. Butt: Artifacts in force measurements with the atomic force microscope due to digitalization. Langmuir 1995, 11, 1065-1067.
  • Butt, H.-J., M. Jaschke & W.A. Ducker: Measuring surface forces in aqueous solution with the atomic force microscope. Bioelectrochemistry & Bioenergetics 1995, 38, 191-201.
  • Wolf, H., H. Ringsdorf, E. Delamarche, T. Takami, H. Kang, B. Michel, C. Gerber, M. Jaschke, H.-J. Butt & E. Bamberg: End-group-dominated molecular order in self-assembled monolayers. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 7102-7107.
  • Butt, H.-J. & R. Kuropka: Surface structure of latex films, varnishes, and paint films studied with an atomic force microscope. J. Coatings Technol. 1995, 67, 101-107.
  • Raiteri, R. & H.-J. Butt: Measuring electrochemically induced surface stress with an atomic force microscope. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 15728-15732.
  • Butt, H.-J. & B. Gerharz: Morphology of latex particles investigated with an atomic force microscope. Langmuir 1995, 11, 4735-4741.
1994

  • Butt, H.-J.: A technique to measure the force between a colloidal particle in water and a bubble. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1994, 166, 109-117.
  • Butt, H.-J., R. Kuropka & B. Christensen: Latex film formation studied with the atomic force microscope: Influence of aging and annealing. Colloid & Polymer Sci. 1994, 272, 1218-1223.
  • Jaschke, M., H.-J. Butt & E.K. Wolff: Imaging flagella of halobacteria by atomic force microscopy. The Analyst 1994, 119, 1943-1946.
  • Butt, H.-J.: Rasterkraftmikroskopie an Biologischen Objekten. Habilitationsschrift 1994, Frankfurt am Main.
1993

  • Butt, H.-J, P. Siedle, K. Seifert, T. Seeger, K. Fendler, E. Bamberg, K. Goldie & A. Engel: Scan speed limit in atomic force microscopy. J. Microscopy 1993, 169, 75-84.
  • Siedle, P., H.-J. Butt, E. Bamberg, D.N. Wang, W. Kühlbrandt, J. Zach & M. Haider: Determining the form of atomic force microscope tips. Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1993, 130, 361-364.
  • Butt, H.-J.: Imaging surfaces with scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes. Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1993, 130, 339-346.
  • Weisenhorn, A.L., M. Khorsandi, S. Kasas, V. Gotzos & H.-J. Butt: Deformation and height anomaly of soft surfaces studied with an AFM. Nanotechnology 1993, 4, 106-113.
  • Bamberg, E., H.-J. Butt, A. Eisenrauch & K. Fendler: Charge transport of ion pumps on lipid bilayer membranes. Quartl. Rev. Biophys. 1993, 26, 1-25.
  • Butt, H.-J., T. Müller & H. Gross: Immobilizing biomolecules for scanning force microscopy by embedding in carbon. J. Structural Biology 1993, 110, 127-132.
  • Butt, H.-J., K. Seifert & E. Bamberg: Imaging molecular defects in alkanethiol monolayers with an atomic force microscope. J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 7316-7320.
1992

  • Weisenhorn, A.L., P. Maivald, H.-J. Butt & P.K. Hansma: Measuring adhesion, attraction, and repulsion between surfaces in liquids with an atomic force microscope. Phys. Rev. B 1992, 45, 11226-11232.
  • Butt, H.-J.: Electrostatic interaction in scanning probe microscopy when imaging in electrolyte solutions. Nanotechnology 1992, 3, 60-68.
  • Butt, H.-J.: Measuring local surface charge densities with an atomic force microscope. Biophys. J. 1992, 63, 578-582.
  • Butt, H.-J, R. Guckenberger & J.P. Rabe: Quantitative scanning tunneling and scanning force microscopy of organic materials. Ultramicroscopy 1992, 46, 375-393.
1991

  • Müller, K.-H., H.-J. Butt, E. Bamberg, K. Fendler, B. Hess, F. Siebert & M. Engelhard: The reaction cycle of bacteriorhodopsin: An analysis using visible absorption, photocurrent and infrared techniques. Europ. Biophys. J. 1991, 19, 241-251.
  • Butt, H.-J., D.N. Wang, P.K. Hansma & W. Kühlbrandt: Effect of surface roughness of carbon support films on high-resolution electron diffraction of two- dimensional protein crystals. Ultramicroscopy 1991, 36, 307-318.
  • Butt, H.-J., C.B. Prater & P.K. Hansma: Imaging purple membranes dry and in water with the atomic force microscope. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1991, 9, 1193-1196.
  • Maivald, P., H.-J. Butt, S.A.C. Gould, C.B. Prater, B. Drake, G. Gurley, V.B. Elings & P.K. Hansma: Using force modulation to image surface elasticities with the atomic force microscope. Nanotechnology 1991, 2, 103-106.
  • Butt, H.-J.: Electrostatic interaction in atomic force microscopy. Biophys. J. 1991, 60, 777-785.
  • Butt, H.-J.: Measuring electrostatic, van der Waals, and hydration forces in electrolyte solutions with an atomic force microscope. Biophys. J. 1991, 60, 1438-1444.
1990

  • Manne, S., H.-J. Butt, S.A.C. Gould & P.K. Hansma: Imaging metal atoms in air and water using the atomic force microscope. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1990, 56, 1758-1759.
  • Gould, S.A.C., B. Drake, C.B. Prater, A.L. Weisenhorn, S. Manne, Kelderman, H.-J. Butt, H. Hansma, P.K. Hansma, S. Maganov & H.J. Cantow: The atomic force microscope: a tool for science and industry. Ultramicroscopy 1990, 33, 93-98.
  • Butt, H.-J, K.H. Downing & P.K. Hansma: Imaging the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin with the atomic force microscope. Biophys. J. 1990, 58, 1473-1480.
  • Prater, C.B., H.-J. Butt & P.K. Hansma: Atomic force microscopy. Nature 1990, 345, 839-840.
  • Butt, H.-J., E. Wolff, S.A.C. Gould & P.K. Hansma: Imaging cells with the atomic force microscope. J. Structural Biology 1990, 105, 54-61.