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1991
Colloidal Probe Technique
Demonstration that the atomic force microscope can be used for quantitative force-versus-distance experiments; attaching particles to atomic force microscope cantilevers (Butt, Biophys. J. 1991, 60, 1438, doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(91)82180-4). This discovery was independent and in parallel to Ducker, Senden and Pashley (Ducker, Senden, Pashley, Nature 1991, 353, 239, doi:10.1038/353239a0). Ducker et al. coined the name “colloidal probe technique”. Meanwhile the AFM has become the standard instrument to measure surface forces.
1991
Template Stripping
Using a flat mica or silicon surface as a template to produce smooth surfaces (Butt et al., Ultramicroscopy 1991, 36, 307, doi:10.1016/0304-3991(91)90123-N; Butt, Müller, Gross, J. Structural Biology 1993, 110, 127, doi:10.1006/jsbi.1993.1013; J. Microscopy 1996, 182, 169). See also Hegner (Hegner, Wagner, Semenza, Surf. Sci. 1993, 291, 39, doi:10.1016/0039-6028(93)91474-4).
1992
Local charge density in aqueous electrolyte with the atomic force microscope
Measuring local charge densities in aqueous electrolyte with sub 100 nm resolution with the AFM (Butt, Biophys. J. 1992, 63, 578, doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(92)81601-6).
1994
 Particle-bubble interaction
First measurements of single micron-sized particles and air bubbles in water (Butt, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1994, 166, 109, doi:10.1006/jcis.1994.1277 ; Preuss, Butt, Langmuir 1998, 14, 3164, DOI: 10.1021/la971349b). Ducker, Xu and Israelachvili did similar experiments in the same year with an atomic force microscope (Ducker, Xu, Israelachvili, Langmuir 1994, 10, 3279, DOI: 10.1021/la00021a061 ) followed by Fielden, Hayes & Ralston (Fielden, Hayes, Ralston, Langmuir 1996, 12, 3721, DOI: 10.1021/la960145c).
1995
 "Dip-pen lithography"
Discovery that an organic monolayer can be deposited by the tip of an AFM with sub 100 nm accuracy by scanning force microscopy (Jaschke, Butt, Langmuir 1995, 11, 1061, DOI: 10.1021/la00004a004 ). Mirkin later applied it to deposit thiols on gold. He coined the term "dip-pen lithography" (Piner, Zhu, Xu, Hong, Mirkin, Science 1999, 283, 661, DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5402.661).
1996
 Microcantilever sensors
Based on earlier work by Thundat (Thundat, Warmack, Chen, Allison, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1994, 64, 2894, doi:10.1063/1.111407 ) and Raiteri, Grattarola, Butt (Raiteri & Butt, J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 15728,DOI: 10.1021/j100043a008) it was realized that AFM cantilevers can be used to measure changes in the surface tension of solids. This can be applied to build micromechanical sensors (Butt, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1996, 180, 251, doi:10.1006/jcis.1996.0297). See also Berger (Berger et al., Science 1997, 276, 2021, DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5321.2021).
1999
 Adhesion and friction between fine particles
Measuring for the first time the adhesion and rolling friction forces between micron-sized particles (Heim, Blum, Preuss, Butt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1999, 83, 3328, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3328). Latter quantitative measurements of friction acting between individual fine particles were carried out (Ecke, Butt, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2001, 244, 432, doi:10.1006/jcis.2001.7959).
2000
 Liquid-like layer on ice
We studied the properties of ice with the atomic force microscope and measured the thickness of the liquid-like layer on top of the solid ice surface (Döppenschmidt, Butt, Langmuir 2000, 16, 6709,DOI: 10.1021/la990799w)
2002
 Rupture of molecularly thin films
Theory and experiment on the rupture of lipid bilayers and molecular films in atomic force microscopy (Loi, Sun, Franz, Butt, Phys. Rev. E. 2002, 66, 031601, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.66.031601; 031602, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.66.031602).
2004
 Surface forces across polymer melts
Surface forces across polymer melts are dominated by slow processes at the polymer-solid interface (Langmuir 2004, 20, 8030, DOI: 10.1021/la049010u; Macromolecules 2004, 37, 6086, DOI: 10.1021/ma0497714; Macromolecules 2007, 40, 2520, DOI: 10.1021/ma062484a; J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, 112, 2001, DOI: 10.1021/jp0760612).
2005
 Drop evaporation
First measurements of the evaporation of liquid drops with a size much smaller than 100 µm. Therefore microcantilevers were applied (Bonaccurso, Butt, J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 253, DOI: 10.1021/jp0471406; Golovko, Butt, Bonaccurso, Langmuir 2009, 25, 75, DOI: 10.1021/la803474x).
2006
 Capillary forces
Discovery that surface structure on 1 nm scale can explain adhesion forces measured between particles at different humidity (Farshchi, Kappl, Cheng, Gutmann, Butt, Langmuir 2006, 22, 2171, DOI: 10.1021/la052760z). A simple way to take surface roughness into account is described (Butt, Langmuir 2008, 24, 4715, DOI: 10.1021/la703640f).
2007
 Stress and failure at mechanical contacts of microspheres
Measurement of the stress distribution in hard microcontacts. Hertz theory describes the stress distribution adequately. Failure by the formation of nano- and microcracks (Chen, Koynov, Butt, J. Mater. Res. 2007, 22, 3196, DOI: 10.1557/JMR.2007.0397).
2008
 Wet bioadhesion - towards a universal adhesive
The discovery that the adhesion of a biomimetic DOPA-containing polymer is independent on the density of functional groups leads to a new concept for designing universal adhesion polymers (Wang et al., Adv. Materials 2008, 20, 3872, DOI:10.1002/adma.200801140).

letzte Änderung: 29.10.2009